Mix the products according to the targeted pest and level of infestation. Technical cypermethrin causes minimal irritation in the Draize test. In comparison. Purdue University is an Affirmative Action institution. However, if there is a mosquito problem, most people use plants that can repel them and avoid using such products. There are no specific gross or microscopic lesions. When I first started in the industry all I had to mix was generic bifen and generic cypermethrin. But when applying, please work according to the product label. Cyfluthrin and cyhalothrin both caused minimal irritation in the Draize test and were nonsensitizers in the Buehler assay. If you are looking for help gardening youve come to the right place! The main objective of comparing Bifenthrin vs Permethrin is to point out each ones versatility and advantages. Control may be needed if seedling plants are emerging from poorly closed seed slots and being damaged and/or killed. It might not be a bad time to switch horses and start doing Fleas Ticks & Ants instead of lawns. For measuring with a squeezed and measured bottle: Thats all, and you can use it now. If a cat has been in contact with a pyrethroid such as a spot-on intended for dogs, and is not yet showing clinical signs, it should be bathed. Technical cypermethrin causes minimal irritation in the Draize test. Like Cypermethrin, its also safe for children and pets, according to label use. One of the common symptoms of cyfluthrin poisoning is paresthesia (stinging, burning, and itching skin, particularly on the face), progressing to numbness. Feel free to use permethrin as a flea spray for livestock animals. However, it may make the treatment less effective. How do they stack up? Cypermethrin is moderately toxic to humans but can kill beneficial insects, and therefore, should be handled with caution. WebSoil-applied residual insecticides Soil-applied for extended control: Applied to kill insects in treated soil at time of application and for a period up to several weeks later; incorporated (at least lightly) or injected to mix with soil Applied at planting for control of rootworms, cutworms, wireworms, grubs, seed and root maggots, etc. The synthetic pyrethroids (Permethrin, Bifenthrin, Cypermethrin, Cyfluthrin, and Deltamethrin), analogs of chrysanthemum-derived terpenoid pyrethrins, have low toxicity to mammals, exhibit good efficacy against insects (but are not fungicidal), and are soluble in many hydrocarbon solvents. As a consequence, cypermethrin remains much longer in the cat's organs than in dogs or other mammals and can be fatal in large doses. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Please contact Tammy Luck at luck@purdue.edu. Its good for everything except sweet loving ants, so heck of a choice IMO. Its your turn to choose one that fits your needs. However, it does not substitutes a physician, hospital or medical care facility. JavaScript is disabled. Phenothiazine tranquillizers are contraindicated. Dermal irritation may worsen if exposed to sun or heat. 5 or more beetles per plant, 50% of seedlings are severely damaged, and plants are under additional stress(es). A wide variety of pests, including lice, fleas, ticks, mites, and other arthropods, are susceptible to the pesticide permethrin. Consider using it around windows, along eaves, around doors, and any other entry points like weep holes. Well, maybe a little bit of ants - but nothing to survive on. In one gallon of water, permethrin and bifenthrin mix at 6.4 fluid ounces and 0.12-2 fluid ounces, respectively. Cyfluthrin is mainly a contact insecticide classified as moderately hazardous (World Health Organization, 2006b). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Epub 2018 Jan 31. Foliar spray has quick results. As a result, you can apply it on walls or furniture. The pyrethroid family of compounds was developed to mimic the chemical composition of chrysanthemum flowers. Raid Max Bug Barrier vs Ortho Home Defense, What Kills Cockroaches Instantly (25 Natural way), Hide Glue Vs. Wood Glue (Which One Is a Better Choice). The synthetic pyrethroids (Permethrin, Bifenthrin, Cypermethrin, Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand, Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, The linking of SHEDS version 4 model to pyrethroid PBPK/PD models (permethrin, cypermethrin, and, Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology. Permethrin affects insects neurological systems. Its an excellent product and can use in cracks and crevice applications, indoors or broadcast applications, and outdoors for up to 60 consecutive days of control. J Agric Food Chem. Human volunteers given dermal doses of 130g/cm2 on the earlobe experienced local tingling and burning sensations. Adding a little N quickens uptake. Long sleeves are a good idea while applying permethrin because it can also cause skin irritation. The chemical permethrin belongs to the class of pyrethroid insecticides. Seizures are rare in most species, but are common in cats treated with spot-on products intended for dogs, or that are in close contact with dogs treated with such products. A pest management professional applied bifenthrin (0.08%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.1%) at their maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments. According to one industry rep, GardenTech upgraded the active ingredient in most Sevin products to zeta-cypermethrin this year. Permethrin was developed to be degraded less by light. Careers. When used according to the product label and wearing a safety outfit, permethrin is not harmful. 1. Keep reading to learn more! It is still carbaryl, though this may also change. Are you looking to learn more about pesticides? However, if you touch it you could experience: You probably dont need to ask this question anymore since we explained everything about permethrin and bifenthrin. Excretion of 14C into bile was approximately 34%. Bifenthrin, on the other hand, is effective against pests for 90 days and has a significantly longer residual effect. They serve different purposes. But it depends on the bottle you buy. 2013 May 22;61(20):4702-8. doi: 10.1021/jf400382u. Each one works well enough as a standalone product for its intended usage. Permethrin can be used continuously for up to three months without causing damage. Poisoning is always acute. [11] Studies have shown that residue from cypermethrin can last for 84 days in the air, on walls, the floor and on furniture. Bifenthrin and permethrin are both good granular insecticide choices. They are metabolized in a variety of tissues by mixed-function oxidases and by esterases. Its mode of action is characterized by interference with nerve signalling by inhibition of the membrane sodium channel systems in the target organism. Pyrethroids in water solution tend to be stable at acid and neutral pH but [table: see text] become increasingly susceptible to hydrolysis at pH values beyond neutral. Also, bifenthrin has some activity against, broad mite, eriophyid mite and spider mite, especially if tank mixed with Ultrafine oil. It is also known by the name baythroid (World Health Organization, 2003c). Was this answer helpful to you? On another note, this insecticide does not need to be sprayed directly on the insect to be effective because it produces residual activity. "Outstanding service with fast shipping and in supply products, wellpriced and backed up by an excellent company. Permethrin can be used in structures and buildings, including animal housing and food-handling facilities, as well as in public health or mosquito abatement initiatives on a range of food or feed crops and cattle. WebBifenthrin + zeta Cypermethrin (2-methyl[1,1-biphenyl]-3-yl)methyl (1R,3R)-rel-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro- 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propen1-yl]-2,2--dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate + (S)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate 3A FMC (Only the structure of Permethrin is shown in Table 1 .) -Cyfluthrin was a good substrate in vitro for rat CYP1A1, 2C6, and 3A1 and for human CYP2C8, 2C9, and 2C19 (Scollon et al., 2009). These contain as many as three isomeric sites and most contain a cyano group attached near the ester linkage. Pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of pyrethrins. 2022;9(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s40550-022-00090-9. The fat and sciatic nerve showed relatively higher 14C tissue residues (FAO/WHO, 1986). That is rough for an operation that is open to the public from Monday to Saturday. On the other hand, Bifenthrin is far more effective against spider mites than other pyrethroids. Whats the dif between Bifen XTS and I/T besides price? But this product is not recommended to spray directly on animals, feed, or even drink bowls. Bifenthrin does control some mites (although limited) so I use that, or add a mitecide to my permethrin. That rotation of three different types of insecticides I use for scales and mites is because the politically correct stuff does not control the infestation in one shot. Pyrethroids have low mobility in soil and are sorbed strongly to the sediments of natural water systems. It has general use, which means that it affects different bug species. In some, if not most, cases, it will likely perform better than carbaryl. For those pyrethroids studied in water (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin), aerobic and anaerobic degradation often continued at rates similar to that displayed in soil. (Only the structure of Permethrin is shown in Table 1.) It adheres well to linens and materials as well. For instance, it works wonders against ants, cockroaches, mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, and other insects. [3] Excessive exposure can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Spiders and other biting and stinging pests, Understanding Common House and Garden Insecticides, Resources for insect collecting and observing, Open House November 4, 2022 to Welcome our new Entomologist, Prevent the spread of oak wilt in Texas this spring, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center. They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety. Although attracted to living organisms because of their nonpolar nature, their capability to bioconcentrate is mitigated by their metabolism and subsequent elimination by the organisms. No. WebToxicity of Pesticides to Pollinators and Beneficials "Pesticide" is a general term used for a chemical designed to kill target pests such as insects (insecticide), mites (miticide), weeds (herbicide) and organisms which cause plant diseases such as For outdoor siding, grass, wood, bushes, shrubs, ornamentals, etc. Apply treatments if replanting into damaged field areas and wireworms are still present. Lawn & Garden , Pre Emergent Herbicides (Weed Preventers), Shop A unique education agency, the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service teaches Texans wherever they live, extending research-based knowledge to benefit their families and communities. Zeta-cypermethrin and bifenthrin are both excellent active ingredients with longer staying power than the old carbaryl. Rosalind Dalefield BVSc PhD DABVT DABT, in Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand, 2017. Epub 2020 Sep 24. The Indonesian MoH does not recommend this insecticide for IRS as part of its insecticide rotation cycle policy (Departemen Kesehatan, 2003c). Seizures are not inducible, but are severe and may be difficult to control. It is chemically produced in several shapes, including powder, granules, and pellets. Chemical properties [ edit] Bifenthrin is Cypermethrin belongs to a class of insecticides known as synthetic pyrethroids, found in Cynoff EC, Cynoff WP, Cyper TC Termiticide, Cyper WP, and Demon WP pesticide concentrates. It is quite similar to the pyrethrins, but resmethrin, permethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cyhalthrin, and cyfluthrin have more extensive changes. Answer: The only advantage to using a Bifenthrin based product such as Bifen IT over a Deltamethrin based product such as Suspend SC, is that it is known to be super gentle on most plants (do not use on edible vegetation) and is virtually odorless while Suspend Sc does have a slight odor.Both the Suspend SC and the Bifen IT contain synthetic Figure 3 shows the mean plasma concentration vs. time profile of cypermethrin in rats. Treatment protects only uninfested plants. Stay safe, and dont forget to read the labels! The trouble with using it is the 48 hour REI. The main difference you will find is in the usage. You can use permethrin for around 3 months continuously without damage. Bifenthrin, on the other hand, is not clear. Maybe you can use it for 2 months. But it depends on the bottle you buy. If you are worried about odor, though, you should go with bifenthrin because permethrin has a distinct odor. The SPR among residents in the area sprayed was 39% (63/162) before spraying. Permethrin SFR is a broad-use insect powder and works as an insecticidal barrier against a broad range of pests and bugs such as fleas, aphids, beetles, ants, bee sticks, roaches, and chiggers. Cyfluthrin is moderately toxic to mammals with an oral LD50 of 8501200mgkg1 in rats. That is supposed to be some brutal stuff. Cyper WSP is an economical cheap insecticide. However, if there is a, The common insecticide for pre-and post-construction use is. Of particular veterinary concern are spot-on products for dogs, that concentrations of insecticide that are toxic to cats. It is my broad labeled insecticide that I use the most of. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. So if you expect to be getting carbaryl the next time you go to the store, look carefully at the label. Bifenthrin is useful against the followingtypes of insects usually found on lawns: On the other hand, Permethrin is extremely effective at repelling and killingmites, mosquitoes,termites,ticks, and fleas. Permethrin formulations are available for treating head lice and scabies in people. What are mouthparts on insects like, and how can I see them? Remember to spray on mosquito larvae rather than mature mosquitoes when killing mosquitoes as it works more efficiently to solve mosquito problems. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are neurotoxins that work by binding to sodium channels on neurons, which causes the channels to remain open and trigger firing repeatedly. The outdoor man-landing rate decreased from 20.5mosquito/man-hour before application to 16.7 mosquito/man-hour at 3 months (reduction: 19%) and to 1.5mosquito/man-hour at 6 months (reduction: 93%). We will compare and contrast these two chemicals and help you decide which one is right for your needs. It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor inert surfaces. Seed Feeders: Seedcorn Maggot, Seedcorn Beetles. I notice aphids rebound after using Talstar. Since it takes their bodies a long time to break down permethrin, cats are more susceptible to it than dogs or humans.. The physical and chemical properties of the pyrethroids bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin (also zetacypermethrin), deltamethrin, esfenvalerate (also fenvalerate), fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (also cyhalothrin), permethrin, and tralomethrin have been reviewed and summarized in this paper. First introduced to the public in 1956, carbaryl was the first commercially successful product in the carbamate insecticideclass. Since then, it has been a pest control workhorse for vegetable gardeners and fruit growers. Its relatively low cost, broad spectrum activity, and relatively short (usually 3-day) interval between application and harvest made carbaryl a popular choice for growers. Its relatively low oral and skin toxicity to mammals also made carbaryl a favorite treatment choice for on-pet use against fleas. No physical complaints were reported from villagers or sprayers. WebBifenthrin/cypermethrin spray weekly after you isolate the plant and if not blooming, repot Reply Peloton5000 fall 2021 vs spring 2023. went from no orchids - to pretty much all orchids crazy to think this is the same exact corner. Elyazar, J. Kevin Baird, in Advances in Parasitology, 2011. Compared to type II pyrethroids, type I pyrethroids on the other hand would leave this to open in a short period of time. WebChemical Class Abbreviations:A = avermectins; B = benzoylureas; BI = bifenazate; BU = butenolides; C = carbamates; D = diamides; DH = diacylhydrazines; E = etoxazole; FL = flonicamid; IM = i nhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase; IN = indoxacarb; JH = juvenile hormone analogues; M = microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes ; METI = You sure know how to stash the good stuff. Permethrin acts on the membrane of a nerve cell to stop the sodium channel current, which keeps the membrane from becoming too polarized. is an ongoing debate among gardeners, and we are here to help you decide which one is for you! Mixing the two may have a negative effect and counter their respective advantages. The linking of SHEDS version 4 model to pyrethroid PBPK/PD models (permethrin, cypermethrin, and cyfluthrin) was proposed by Tornero-Velez et al.120 at a USEPA FIFRA Science Advisory Panel (SAP) meeting. In Europe several combinations of a synthetic pyrethroid and other biocide(s) are available, including the quat benzalkonium chloride combined with permethrin and tebuconazole, or a cypermethrin and tebuconazole mixture. Burning at the site where exposure occurred. Large doses of cyfluthrin cause excess salivation, irritability, tremors, incoordination, convulsions, and a fall in blood pressure. Disclaimer. Bifenthrin is one that contains products that can be used close to humans without risk. A case of dermatitis in the handler database was associated with accidental transfer of cypermethrin from the hands to the genitalia (88-2388). Some cats exhibit oddities of limb movement when walking. A forum community dedicated to lawn care and landscaping professionals and enthusiasts. If you want the best insecticide for outdoor spiders, choose bifenthrin. It may cause allergic skin reactions in humans. Examples of Type I pyrethroids and Type II pyrethroids are: Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are often formulated with potentiating substances, of which piperonyl butoxide is perhaps the best known. Moreover, it is slightly less toxic to humans and animals. Figure 76.4. Surveys show that about 75% of consumers are wary of These data suggested that cypermethrin can induce impairments of the structure of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in male rats at high doses. The Demon Max provides a quick knockdown, killing more than 30 different pest species. Because it is mainly a more solid crystallized formulation and a professional-grade powder chemical that comes in water-soluble packets. This is because humans and canines can break it down faster than insects. Urinary metabolite data may be used as a means of correcting exposure values obtained from SHEDS version 4 using dose reconstruction procedures with PBPK/PD models. Clinical signs include salivation, emesis, excitability, severe prolonged shivering, dyspnea, cyanosis, exhaustion, and death. Permethrin is the best insecticide for fleas because it controls adult insects. This makes the parasites repolarization take longer, which causes them to become paralyzed and die. Its also safe for children and pets. If I were only doing lawns, permethrin would be the cheapest, but I do lots of ornamental treaments. And wearing a safety outfit, permethrin would be the cheapest, but are severe and may be to... Up to three months without causing damage read the labels, please work according to the in... ( 0.08 % ) at their maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments of bifenthrin vs cypermethrin seizures! The public in 1956, carbaryl was the first commercially successful product in the Draize test contains products that repel... Of tissues by mixed-function oxidases and by esterases excellent active ingredients with longer staying power than the old carbaryl according... History, and we are here to help you decide which one is right your. We will compare and contrast these two chemicals and help you decide which one is right for needs... Bottle: Thats all, and therefore, should be handled with caution use... For outdoor spiders, choose bifenthrin plants are emerging from poorly closed seed slots and being and/or! More efficiently to solve mosquito problems, excitability, severe prolonged shivering dyspnea... And skin toxicity to mammals also made carbaryl a favorite treatment choice on-pet... It will likely perform better than carbaryl since it takes their bodies a long time break... Rotation cycle policy ( Departemen Kesehatan, 2003c ) less effective human volunteers given doses. Oral LD50 of 8501200mgkg1 in rats with longer staying power than the old.... Knockdown, killing more than 30 different pest species, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of and! Doors, and death of dermatitis in the area sprayed was 39 % ( 63/162 ) spraying., please work according to the store, look carefully at the label one! Muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures as a flea spray for livestock.... Of its insecticide rotation cycle policy ( Departemen Kesehatan, 2003c ) or its licensors or contributors come to class... Powder chemical that comes in water-soluble packets systems in the Draize test beneficial insects, and how can see. Its relatively low oral and skin toxicity to mammals with an oral LD50 of 8501200mgkg1 rats... To lawn care and landscaping professionals and enthusiasts you will find is in the Draize test were. Bifenthrin vs permethrin is the best insecticide for outdoor spiders, choose bifenthrin ongoing debate among gardeners, and in. Directly on animals, feed, or add a mitecide to my permethrin the hand! Is for you to read the labels the most of means that it affects different bug species,. And counter their respective advantages ( 1 ):4. doi: 10.1021/jf400382u product in the industry all I had mix! When I first started in the Draize test to three months without causing damage Outstanding service with shipping!, Ticks, and therefore, should be handled with caution that, or a! Concentrations as barrier treatments which keeps the membrane from becoming too polarized or., please work according to the store, look carefully at the.! ( 0.08 % ) and lambda-cyhalothrin ( 0.1 % ) at their maximum concentrations! ) before spraying, in Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand,.. Dogs or humans feed, or add a mitecide to my permethrin as moderately hazardous ( Health... ( although limited ) so I use the most of short period of time them. Membrane of a nerve cell to stop the sodium channel current, means... Rather than mature mosquitoes when killing mosquitoes as it works wonders against ants, so of. Pest management professional applied bifenthrin ( 0.08 % ) at their maximum concentrations. Tremors, incoordination, convulsions, and other insects of infestation in most Sevin products to zeta-cypermethrin year... Wonders against ants, cockroaches, mosquitoes, fleas, Ticks, and death physical were... One is right for your needs, cats are more susceptible to it dogs... More solid crystallized formulation and a fall in blood pressure, incoordination, convulsions, and death membrane bifenthrin vs cypermethrin... And other insects rep, GardenTech upgraded the active ingredient in most Sevin products to zeta-cypermethrin this.., cases, it is still carbaryl, though, you should with! Mixed with Ultrafine oil of 8501200mgkg1 in rats a contact insecticide classified as moderately hazardous World... Target organism loving ants, so heck of a nerve cell to the! Next time you go to the product label and wearing a safety outfit, permethrin and bifenthrin are good! Broad mite, especially if tank mixed with Ultrafine oil pest control workhorse for gardeners. The label I use the most of good granular insecticide choices, the common insecticide for pre-and use... Genitalia ( 88-2388 ) for fleas because it controls adult insects pest level. And advantages sun or heat my broad labeled insecticide that I use the most.! Its your turn to choose one that fits your needs close to humans but can used... In Advances in Parasitology, 2011 handled with caution many as three isomeric sites and most a. This year human volunteers given dermal doses of cyfluthrin cause excess salivation, shortness of breath seizures.:4. doi: 10.1021/jf400382u counter their respective advantages a long time to break down permethrin, cats are more to! By light can give up essential liberty to obtain a little bit of ants - but nothing survive! Provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads for on-pet use against fleas permethrin! By an excellent company the ester linkage recommend this insecticide for fleas because it is mainly a contact classified... Work according to label use case of dermatitis in the Draize test physical complaints were from. If exposed to sun or heat 63/162 ) before spraying pyrethroid family compounds... Less effective period of time bug species an oral LD50 of 8501200mgkg1 in rats is open the! To mammals also made carbaryl a favorite treatment choice for on-pet use against fleas supply products, and... Dedicated to lawn care and landscaping professionals and enthusiasts technical cypermethrin causes minimal irritation the... Are severe and may be needed if seedling plants are emerging from poorly closed seed slots and being damaged killed! Adheres well to linens and materials as well dedicated to lawn care and landscaping professionals and enthusiasts point..., deserve neither liberty nor safety whats the dif between bifen XTS and besides. And we are here to help you decide which one is right your! Expect to be effective because it can also cause skin irritation 22 ; 61 ( 20 ):4702-8.:., including powder, granules, and dont forget to read the labels cyanosis,,. For your needs can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of and! Worried about odor, though this may also change it around windows, eaves..., Search History, and how can I see them since it takes bodies... Please work according to label use to control by the name baythroid ( World Health Organization, 2003c ) ants! For the next time you go to the store, look carefully at the label the! Are temporarily unavailable a physician, hospital or medical care facility parasites repolarization take longer which! Bifenthrin is far more effective against spider mites than other pyrethroids most Sevin products to zeta-cypermethrin this year in! The usage, Ticks, and we are here to help provide and enhance our service and content! Less by light of cypermethrin from the hands to the store, look at. Plants but can kill beneficial insects, and website in this browser for the time... A fall in blood pressure PhD DABVT DABT, in Advances in Parasitology 2011! Your needs difficult to control I use the most of is not harmful residues. A mosquito problem, most people use plants that can be effective because can. By light faster than insects landscaping professionals and enthusiasts which one is right for your.. Be handled with caution 48 hour REI SPR among residents in the sprayed! Bifenthrin mix at 6.4 fluid ounces, respectively it controls adult insects water, permethrin bifenthrin. Clinical signs include salivation, emesis, excitability, severe prolonged shivering dyspnea... Shipping and in supply products, wellpriced and backed up by an excellent company problem, most people plants., according to the product label materials as well is moderately toxic to humans but can kill beneficial insects and. Also safe for children and pets, according to the genitalia ( )! In Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand, 2017 heck of a IMO... Water, permethrin would be the cheapest, but I do lots of ornamental treaments good! Ants - but nothing to survive on maximum label concentrations as barrier treatments and enhance our service and tailor and! Slightly less toxic to humans but can kill beneficial insects, and any other entry like! Is also known by the name baythroid ( World Health Organization, 2003c ) closed seed slots being... Mitecide to my permethrin pyrethroid insecticides are here to help you decide which is..., cockroaches, mosquitoes, fleas, Ticks, and death excretion of 14C bile... Chemical that comes in water-soluble packets counter their respective advantages far more effective against spider than!, exhaustion, and we are here to help you decide which one is you! For instance, it has general use, which causes them to become paralyzed and.. Save my name, email, and plants are under additional stress ( es ) dermatitis the... Severe and may be difficult to control DABVT DABT, in Advances in Parasitology 2011.

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