His army encamped outside the city on 2 April 1453, the Monday after Easter. I have read secondary sources by John Julius Norwich and Steven Runciman. The oldest boy, renamed Murad, became a personal favourite of Mehmed and served as Beylerbey (Governor-General) of Rumeli (the Balkans). [70]:130, The women of Constantinople suffered from rape at the hands of Ottoman forces. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. [53] Orban initially tried to sell his services to the Byzantines, but they were unable to secure the funds needed to hire him. The force consisted of around 4,500 knights and their squires, up to 14,000 infantry, and 20,000-30,000 Venetians. Stefan Duan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. The Secret History is his personal, and perhaps more honest, description. The sultan thus completed his conquest of the Byzantine capital. The Ottoman besiegers vastly outnumbered the Byzantines and their allies. [citation needed] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. This mini-DBQ has multiple classroom uses. During three days of pillaging, the Ottoman invaders captured children and took them away to their tents, and became rich by plundering the imperial palace and the houses of Constantinople. The fall slowly turns to ruins in modern day. Thanks to its location on the Bosporus Strait, Constantinople became a major trading center. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. Robert seems to have returned to France in 1205, since although his work contains references up . Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick I (113.6KB PDF Document) [66] Many of the riches of the city were already looted in 1204, leaving only limited loot to the Ottomans.[67]. Historical!Context:! Some topics include Justinian and his Law Code,Theodora, trade power of Constantinople, The Great Schism, the invasion of the Ottomans, etc. The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. The main effect of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 was the downfall of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALEXIS 1. When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. Mehmed himself knocked over and trampled on the altar of the Hagia Sophia. On April 6 the Ottomans began their artillery barrage and brought down a section of the wall. 60,000-80,000 in total (modern sources)[4][5]. [10] The Greek historian Michael Critobulus quotes Mehmed II's speech to his soldiers before the siege:[29]:23. You will protest that the Turks moved from Asia to Greece a long time ago, that the Mongols established themselves in Europe and the Arabs occupied parts of Spain, having approached through the straits of Gibraltar. According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". When the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capitol city of the Eastern Roman Empire, a new country was later developed known as Turkey. Furthermore, these Western rulers did not have the wherewithal to contribute to the effort, especially in light of the weakened state of France and England from the Hundred Years' War, Spain's involvement in the Reconquista, the internecine fighting in the Holy Roman Empire, and Hungary and Poland's defeat at the Battle of Varna of 1444. by DRM_peter Posted on January 20, 2014. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. Baltaolu Sleyman Bey commanded a fleet stationed at Diplokionion with an estimated 31 large and midsize warships alongside nearly 100 smaller boats and transports. Student Edition NAME DATE 1. . Which leader moved the Capital City of Byzantine to Constantinople. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Emperor who moved Rome's capital to the east. According to David Nicolle, the ordinary people were treated better by their Ottoman conquerors than their ancestors had been by Crusaders back in 1204, stating that only about 4,000 Greeks died in the siege, while according to a Venetian Senate report, 50 Venetian noblemen and over 500 other Venetian civilians died during the siege. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. [31]:94 Although the Byzantines also had cannons, the weapons were much smaller than those of the Ottomans, and the recoil tended to damage their own walls. Giustiniani was stationed to the north of the emperor, at the Charisian Gate (Myriandrion); later during the siege, he was shifted to the Mesoteichion to join Constantine, leaving the Myriandrion to the charge of the Bocchiardi brothers. Other troops under Zagan Pasha were employed north of the Golden Horn. [1] Score As western Europe fell to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire, that is, the eastern part of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Another legend holds that two priests saying divine liturgy over the crowd disappeared into the cathedral's walls as the first Turkish soldiers entered. Document 1 . [note 8]. July 2003. [110][bettersourceneeded] They brought to Western Europe the far greater preserved and accumulated knowledge of Byzantine civilization. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. [20]:373[33][34][35][36][37][38], Fearing a possible naval attack along the shores of the Golden Horn, Emperor Constantine XI ordered that a defensive chain be placed at the mouth of the harbour. In its own time, the Empire ruled from Constantinople (or "New Rome" as some people call it, although this was a laudatory expression that was never an official title) and was simply considered as "the Roman Empire." They mounted a frontal assault of the land walls on April 7, but the Byzantines repelled them and were able to repair the defenses. In. However, Istanbul only became the official name of the city in 1930 by the revised Turkish Postal Law. They largely refrained from slaughtering commoners and nobility, instead choosing to ransom them to their home states and primarily executing only those who fought after the surrender. In fact, the new fortress was called Boazkesen, which means "strait-blocker" or "throat-cutter". [59] An engineer named Johannes Grant, a German who came with the Genoese contingent, had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the miners. Mehmed stripped Baltoghlu of his wealth and property and gave it to the janissaries and ordered him to be whipped 100 times.[26]. In Mehmed's view, he was the successor to the Roman Emperor, declaring himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of Rome", that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as "the Conqueror". [31]:92 The sea walls were guarded more sparsely, with Jacobo Contarini at Stoudion, a makeshift defence force of Greek monks to his left hand, and Prince Orhan at the Harbour of Eleutherios. A devastating blow to Christendom, the loss of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover the city. [20][pageneeded][21][22][23]. Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. While Mehmed II had been steadily preparing for the siege of Constantinople, he had sent the old general Turakhan and the latter's two sons, Ahmed Beg and Omar Beg, to invade the. Recent studies and Ottoman archival data state that there were some 50,00080,000 Ottoman soldiers, including between 5,000 and 10,000 Janissaries,[3][pageneeded] 70 cannons,[41]:139140[40][pageneeded][42][pageneeded] and an elite infantry corps, and thousands of Christian troops, notably 1,500 Serbian cavalry that ura Brankovi was forced to supply as part of his obligation to the Ottoman sultan[1][2] just a few months before, Brankovi had supplied the money for the reconstruction of the walls of Constantinople. The fall of Constantinople, and thus the end of the Byzantine Empire, was a crushing blow for Christendom. Many European courts assumed that the young Ottoman ruler would not seriously challenge Christian hegemony in the Balkans and the Aegean. Played 125 times. Furthermore, with Constantinople having suffered through several devastating sieges, the citys population had dropped from roughly 400,000 in the 12th century to between 40,000 and 50,000 by the 1450s. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 2021. PDF. On the third day after the fall of our city, the Sultan celebrated his victory with a great, joyful triumph. It can serve as a formative or final assessment in a unit on medieval Islamic civilization, an introduction to DBQs and DBQ writing, or a class activity to help teach the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, or the Ottoman Empire. The fact that Constantinople, which was long known for being indomitable in the eyes of all, as the Sharif of Mecca said, had fallen and that the Prophet Muhammad's prophecy came true shocked the Islamic world and filled it with a great jubilation and rapture.[102]. The Knights of St. John on Rhodes write of the city's fall and Turkish plans to the Margrave of Brandenburg in Jerusalem. Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. 4.9. . [30] An accomplished soldier from Genoa, Giovanni Giustiniani, arrived in January 1453 with 400 men from Genoa and 300 men from Genoese Chios. Smith, Michael Llewellyn, "The Fall of Constantinople", in, This page was last edited on 6 April 2023, at 14:44. Thereafter, there was little peace for the much-weakened empire as it fended off successive attacks by the Latins, Serbs, Bulgarians and Ottoman Turks. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was one of the most influential events in history and marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Yet very little is said . Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. Edit. Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. [40]:44, Before the siege of Constantinople, it was known that the Ottomans had the ability to cast medium-sized cannons, but the range of some pieces they were able to field far surpassed the defenders' expectations. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. Ascertain to what factors contemporaneous observers attributed the rise and fall of the Muslim empires; determine which factors would have made the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals most successful and which ones would eventually weaken . There are many speculations on what caused the most powerful and greatest Empire of its time to fall. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. He eventually served twice as Grand Vizier under Mehmed's son, Bayezid II.[97]. [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). With the capture of Constantinople, Mehmed II had acquired the future capital of his kingdom, albeit one in decline due to years of war. 1458-1464), called for a crusade, convening a council in 1459 to drum up support. Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000. After Diocletian died, a new emperor named Constantine (ruled 306-337 A.D.) would move the capital of Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium, which became known as Constantinople (he named it after himself). There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by themthose at least of you who are of maturer yearsand the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. It is first attested shortly after the conquest, and its invention was ascribed by some contemporary writers to Mehmed II himself. In the first excerpt, he is writing as the official historian for Justinian. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance". The Emperor was not willing to leave the city without a fight: As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives. Russian claims to Byzantine heritage clashed with those of the Ottoman Empire's own claim. [96]:446 Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. The Venetian captain ordered his men to break open the gate of the Golden Horn. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. In the evening, a solemn last ceremony of Vespers was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor with representatives and nobility of both the Latin and Greek churches partook. [20]:376 This action seriously threatened the flow of supplies from Genoese ships from the nominally neutral colony of Pera and it demoralized the Byzantine defenders. After the fall of Rome, popes gradually emerged as powerful figures in western Europe. He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. Most of the primary sources seem to be in Latin or Byzantine period Greek. Now devoid of both a long-standing buffer against the Ottomans and access to the Black Sea, Christian kingdoms relied on Hungary to halt any further westward expansion. The Bashi-bazouks were spread out behind the front lines. Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Empire. The Empire of Trebizond, an independent successor state that formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, was also present at the time on the coast of the Black Sea. Rumours of Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. Fall of Rome . [20]:373 Although he was eager for an advantage, Pope Nicholas V did not have the influence the Byzantines thought he had over the Western kings and princes, some of whom were wary of increasing papal control. Upon hearing of his navys defeat, Mehmed stripped Baltaolu of his rank and arranged for his replacement. Criers roamed the camp to the sound of the blasting horns, rousing the Ghazis:[63], Shortly after midnight on Tuesday 29 May, the offensive began. These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. military problems like armor and conscription legal injustice foreign invasions and natural disasters''NAME CONSTANTINOPLE DBQ . By April 22 the ships had circumvented the chain in this way and, barring the chain itself, seized control of all the waters surrounding the city. The New Agreement with the Venetians 2. Finally, the last wave consisting of elite Janissaries, attacked the city walls. Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople. This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. However, he returned to power two years later after defeating the Christians and remained sultan until his death in 1451. On the Byzantine side, a small Venetian fleet of 12 ships, after having searched the Aegean, reached the Capital on 27 May and reported to the Emperor that no large Venetian relief fleet was on its way. History. Subsequent tunnels were interrupted on 21, 23 and 25 May, and destroyed with Greek fire and vigorous combat. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. A codification of Roman law that saved Roman laws, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople itself became an Ottoman vassal during this period. Emperor Constantine XI named Giustiniani commander of his land defenses and spent the rest of the winter strengthening the city for a siege. With this conquest, a new group of people came in with a different religion known as Islam. [69]:37. The imperial efforts to impose union were met with strong resistance in Constantinople. The Witnessing a Ghazi wildly hammering at the marble floor, he asked what he was doing. Constantinople-1453!! A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. The Proposition Made by King Philip 3. The battle was part of the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars (1265-1453) and is referred to as one of the darkest days in Greek history. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. When Mehmed II succeeded his father in 1451, he was just nineteen years old. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. Fellow soldiers, this one thing was lacking to make the glory of such a victory complete. Even France, once a fervent participant in the Crusades, became an ally of the Ottomans. Nonetheless, depictions of Christian coalitions taking the city and of the late Emperor's resurrection by Leo the Wise persisted. The Sack of Constantinople The Crusader army arrived outside Constantinople on 24 June 1203 CE. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. In 1461 the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. They knew that in order to prevent diseases they had to burn corpses, sanitarily dispose of excrement, and carefully scrutinize their sources of water. [12][14][72][13][73], They made the people of the city slaves and killed their emperor, and the gazis embraced their pretty girls", confirm Ottoman Chroniclers. [40]:32 [note 5] Turkish commander Dorgano, who was in Constantinople working for the Emperor, was also guarding one of the quarters of the city on the seaward side with the Turks in his pay. Forty Italians escaped their sinking ships and swam to the northern shore. The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperor Constantine I in 324 CE and it acted as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire as it has later become known, for well over 1,000 years. In 'The History of Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ', Edward Gibbon had a controversial theory. Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicol Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. Another strategy employed by the Byzantines was the repair and fortification of the Land Wall (Theodosian Walls). Janissaries, led by Ulubatl Hasan, pressed forward. [note 7] The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. Quote Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the fall of.. . [20]:373 But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. Mehmeds strategy was straightforward: he would use his fleet and siege lines to blockade Constantinople on all sides while relentlessly battering the walls of the city with cannon. Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI swiftly understood Mehmed's true intentions and turned to Western Europe for help; but now the price of centuries of war and enmity between the eastern and western churches had to be paid. The wordplay emphasizes its strategic position: in Turkish boaz means both "strait" and "throat". The sultan had Pere Juli, his sons and the consul Joan de la Via, amongst others, beheaded. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. The land fortifications consisted of a 60ft (18m) wide moat fronting inner and outer crenellated walls studded with towers every 4555 metres.[39]. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453, Ancient Origins - The Fall of Constantinople: Relentless Ottoman Fire Power Finally Pulverizes the Last Vestiges of the Roman Empire, Chemistry LibreTexts - The Fall of Constantinople, World History Encyclopedia - The Fall of Constantinople, 1453. Letter of the Knights of St. John on the Fall of Constantinople (72.9KB PDF Document) 2 September 2008. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . On the night of 28 April, an attempt was made to destroy the Ottoman ships already in the Golden Horn using fire ships but the Ottomans forced the Christians to retreat with many casualties. 125 times. The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in 1261, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. [74], According to Nicolas de Nicolay, slaves were displayed naked at the city's slave market, and young girls could be purchased. [25] In fact, Europe celebrated Mehmed coming to the throne and hoped his inexperience would lead the Ottomans astray. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. The First Payment 2. [109], The migration waves of Byzantine scholars and migrs in the period following the sacking of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of Greek and Roman studies that led to the development of the Renaissance humanism[100][dead link][bettersourceneeded] and science. SynopsisManaged to compile the first five videos in my Conquest and Fall of Constantinople series. [31]:15051 Byzantine historian George Sphrantzes, an eyewitness to the fall of Constantinople, described the Sultan's actions:[87][88]. They were built at foundries that employed Turkish cannon founders and technicians, most notably Saruca, in addition to at least one foreign cannon founder, Orban (also called Urban). View Constantinople DBQ.docx from HIST 1110/07 at Kennesaw State University. [55], At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. The Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara were taken by Admiral Baltoghlu's fleet. Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately. Fall of Constantinople By 350 A.D., Constantinople was one of the world's greatest capitals. Eyewitness Jacopo Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only 6,000 to 7,000 trained soldiers. On April 12 the sultan dispatched a contingent of troops to subdue two nearby Byzantine forts and ordered Baltaolu to rush the chain. [43], After these inconclusive attacks, the Ottomans sought to break through the walls by constructing tunnels to mine them from mid-May to 25 May. The Empire reached its height at 117 AD and split into West and East in 285 AD. [105], Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. The Summons to Alexis 2. Now sultan for the second time, Mehmed II intended to complete his fathers mission and conquer Constantinople for the Ottomans. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. The unique . The account of the cannon's collapse is disputed,[3][pageneeded] given that it was only reported in the letter of Archbishop Leonardo di Chio[47] and in the later, and often unreliable, Russian chronicle of Nestor Iskander. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 is considered by many to be one the most important events in human history. According to Judith Herrin, what was one reason the Ottoman were interested in conquering the . [1] Herrin, Judith. Preparations for the final assault began in the evening of 26 May and continued to the next day. Byzantine relations with the rest of Europe had soured over the last several centuries as well: the Schism of 1054 and the 13th-century Latin occupation of Constantinople entrenched a mutual hatred between the Orthodox Byzantines and Roman Catholic Europe. Two attempts to rush the Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae walls were met with fierce resistance, and the Ottoman soldiers were forced to fall back. He then ordered a muezzin ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer[89][90] The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. This will cover from the rise of Islam, to its sieges of t. Cardinal Isidore, funded by the Pope, arrived in 1452 with 200 archers. I need fall of constantinople dbq sources seem to be one the most powerful and Empire! Tedaldi estimates a presence of 30,000 to 35,000 armed civilians and only to! 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