Privacy Policy [114] This income, however, would have to be revised downwards if manufactured goods, like clothing, would be considered. 1 Page. uJ+t?P&6V`#O;y\nxRS =y}iO-*xp}.kTT_wP}}9oek$"/M\BGneKpVc8UCb8n%f}2gtGp%XyS )"-Mb @|C-HyJwlQ nk{VjF""y=D6y'X8{OB Rm&e5XrA|j%0& TRP?ODcBHSEuxyw1zbK{ hVY6|lI3=nu6m5HHIli: &>d`#=$pK&Ea7rp8q A/_D+=UTF 9q.Rmu2Tr9_Zn#b+a:+.g8 k.-p # |/(P.J0q&tii L4X(A:MeXs40W`\g7HadI!KXBgF*&cWyqj1#KPB'} [43] Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, AP World History: Modern Past Exam Questions. [69][70][71] The far-off Indian campaign of Nader Shah, who had previously reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. [127], Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia,[124] Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,[9]:202 and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "Dhaka textiles". The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II (17591806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. [citation needed] Dara championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim culture, emulating his great-grandfather Akbar. [124] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. <> Satisfactory Essays. <> However, by this time Lodi's empire was already crumbling, and it was actually the Rajput Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of Rana Sanga of Mewar. Much of its territory fell under the control of the Marathas and then the British. [183] Prince Aurangzeb's forces discharged rockets and grenades while scaling the walls. In the case of Islam and the influence of it on the other nations and era, changing is always for getting better. The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi'a state; he also reintroduced religious toleration. His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus. Babur brought a broad-minded, confident Islam from central Asia. [180], By the 17th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore, Dacca, Bijapur and Murshidabad. V:-t9ki 1,xmvl5-} n,k&3*? endobj The establishment of a Hindu Marathi Empire in southern India cut off the Mughal state to the south. Babur may have been descended from brutal conquerors, but he was not a barbarian bent on loot and plunder. Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. <> Elliot, Sir H.M., Edited by Dowson, John. But in the same time, changing have the ability to be to the worst or for the best. In Cuzco, the Inca Capital, there was a major gold-covered sun temple constructed high above most of the city, allowing the rulers to conduct elaborate ceremonies in full view of their subjects. Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi; Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories, but were unable to do so. Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. In 1511 he captured Samarkand, only to realize that, with the formidable Safavid dynasty in Iran and the Uzbeks in Central Asia, he should rather turn to the southeast toward India to have an empire of his own. [34][176][177] By the time he was invited by Lodi governor of Lahore, Daulat Khan, to support his rebellion against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan, Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery, and a method for deploying them. [167] Aurangzeb (16581707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. [124] From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. 15.Explain how Sikhism developed in relation to the Mughal Empire. [53][54] He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". Accompanied by literary patronage was the institutionalisation of Persian as official and courtly language; this led to Persian reaching nearly the status of a first language for many inhabitants of Mughal India. One such court was that of the qadi. [103] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. After the execution of Emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719, local Mughal successor states took power in region after region. In both locations, the Spanish essentially destroyed the empires and installed their own political systems, with viceroys who served under the Spanish crown and a hierarchical class system that gave preference to those of European ancestry. 154 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<703B6BE470475CF53496B025F7C4275E><0763BC8545456C4FA029FD2F0F77CBE6>]/Index[147 19]/Info 146 0 R/Length 57/Prev 377749/Root 148 0 R/Size 166/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The province was a leading producer of grains, salt, fruits, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [emailprotected]. During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . [21] The base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. Bburs son Humyn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). It began to be used as a literary language in the Mughal court from the reign of Shah Alam II, who described it as the language of his dastans,[173] and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite. Bburs father, Umar Shaykh Mrz, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bbur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494. 2 0 obj This product was used in my history class at our homeschool co-op and was very useful. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy. Babur (1483-1530), who founded the empire, was able to defeat Ibrahim Lodi (1459-1526) of the last Delhi Sultanate at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. For example, a sarkar could turn into a subah, and parganas were often transferred between sarkars. The civil administration was organised in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance. Practice sourcing with HIPP acronym using documents from the 2019 DBQ and write body paragraphs with a pair of documents to include sourcing (identifying point of view, purpose, historical situation, . [citation needed] Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year. [80] Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world. 9WN.F4I;>9g}v3v/Ew?2$^ZNuL:0ou`}\=oJ\{,){z%vg4y3[JV0yj(g;&k3{ym}t8pj]z\cPO x\G}'&. UmC#{V[0?rNfSm+y|j3=,,Mao4t^[~}eeh-yr4my(Me7&7Wws}O9l8X!pl[}3C_4]@*=6t8&yb)|/^e#>9^Um :wb`O~Kn_5i%z]eCH$/*6#E]]qEYzs|ev;cH?1EkgWr[,Ne~_E=lSdCtiL>G-u0w^] `1-[2PmWC:`Y=0tGk_X a3? -:Vh|qp-`{aWH9~rsi0g.v}M 85S5Z]eunEEX4 ]UE|VIZo .F3|wMMhnwk>8s}Gd'=#dHsg9?'C%Y|Hm]hdA,7"'_X/[;;OZ.Ss"!r/45nM*"a.h\T/ [52] Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti and was raised by the daughter of Chishti. stream yw>}Fy `WoyzdV] +CUR`,`@cR4Et%!nH,3R+i#e`V_cinzVnOfOg={`IZK[1C8Xl+7Gjyl)var(Gb? /AW[pm[/) ]Rp-d)I7^6},np*EC[Vna`)NN$$b8c"C#2AJvigPn_Z9YRrAg qS{H endobj Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250tons annually, compared with 23,061tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771. [43] Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb kept Shah Jahan imprisoned until his death in 1666. comparative essay. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,[73] a state of affairs that continued until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. [85][83] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic Gunpowder Empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Mughal Empire began in about 1526 when ruler Babur had just defeated the last Muslim sultan of the Delhi. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. is useful as homework, test review or substitute teacher lesson. Babur disposed of the ruler, and decided to take over himself. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. S;gTt9)]UwJ*eF*EvJ#e!X,]c`XX,]bXU%EX[IQa[>Ncs5(wFq@ ko.Q;ChHW(Zf|+~lo^}*dtz1Ez*,Jqlz$tHlSGR/RxTikU*P>I4\Qb>^M1> mETiqM4FAP@!YE(ETs}-b4^K'W7O ~{2.)?Ov A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Class 7 Extra Questions and Answer History Chapter 10 Long Answers Type Question 1. The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire were muslim empires who practice the Sharia law from the Koran. <> Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [9] He made several excursions in the tribal habitats there. Administrative divisions were also vague in their geography - the Mughal state did not have enough resources or authority to undertake detailed land surveys, and hence the geographical limits of these divisions were not formalised and maps not created. "The Urdu language reforms." The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission. Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works. [92], The Mughal economy was large and prosperous. [47] The instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun (reigned 15301556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. <> [129] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. #LFp"9B+5vl(_\M^$/t%Y)xRz j_@I1j`o`2?~273+yNVZs$"+0j 4.bQ'Cxf`:m05?CqVxp3K&(Qkd`)X#`)$-SCH^#++m>MHNrIR7>_&.Qu2`Q7tyi?> =vE_-v}ew@m^. Subas were subdivided into administrative units known as sarkars, which were further divided into groups of villages known as parganas. 14.Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period? endobj stream argumentative Essay. Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance . A#1P%YQ. According to Dyson urbanization of Mughal empire was less than 9%. [97] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. The AP World History: Modern Exam requires you to complete a document-based question, which is why we have provided example DBQs and tips for writing reponses below. Bengali farmers rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk-producing region of the world. [97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. By April 1526 he was in control of Delhi and Agra and held the keys to conquer Hindustan. [43] Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king,[62] with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,[43] while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples,[65] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. More prestigious positions were those of the qadi al-quddat (judge of judges) who accompanied the mobile imperial camp, and the qadi-yi lashkar (judge of the army). In some cases, the emperor themself dispensed justice directly. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic. Historically, Imperialism has been a tool, used by Europeans to successfully exploit indigenous populations for monetary gain. [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country. Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world - calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara. He died near Lahore in December 1530. The dynasty was founded by a Chagatai Turkic prince named Bbur (reigned 152630), who was descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his fathers side and from Chagatai, second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mothers side. [43] Jahangir distinguished himself from Akbar by making substantial efforts to gain the support of the Islamic religious establishment. [146] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder. [141] The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era. [185][186], During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy. By the death of Akbar, the third Mughal ruler, the Mughal Empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal and southward to what is now Gujarat state and the northern Deccan region of India. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture", "Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3", "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 17501850 A.D.", "A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor", The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. "Mughals" redirects here. The new empire ruled over a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religions which hadn't been ruled over together since the 600s. stream The finance/revenue ministry was responsible for controlling revenues from the empire's territories, calculating tax revenues, and using this information to distribute assignments. 1800 Time Period ( remember : 18th century = 1700s , and so on ) DOCUMENT WORK ( preliminary ) Main Idea Outside Evidence HAPP ( HIPP ) Document 1 Safavid military and militia were well trained and knew how to handle gunpowder weapons Document 2 Mughal empire invested a lot of money into different expenditures , paying a lot to their military Audience : Austrian Emperor Document 3 Ottoman . IE+V`QL6$6d 9'.-sli(1A!fQa8.J8/tG>*_<8sG\+JDNAHX*/nXA'P9xbE9\Cj$B,M%UGYPVdSf>)ER/@O'^qF+3Yhq(fDlGJ;%,&8V.d/(R}L&pm 8^Za "DD3:IX sq.AS3Ix5u7aG).@J stream Shah Jahan extended the Mughal empire to the Deccan by ending the Nizam Shahi dynasty, and forced the Adil Shahis and Qutb Shahis to pay tribute. hVp 7pw~"\8NZ9IqetfB-4 N/'^Jug:i+&ljaT)0'C AdQ,/2JM,9&yd3dY(+r 5&gfWd*4_0fhha=w_p],tW^ZC|p7"~l`SaSENm5oF[EdVPsxV [98][140] By the time of Aurangzeb's reign, there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire.[142]. 147 0 obj <> endobj [27] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[28] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. [46] However, in the decisive Battle of Khanwa which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. <> Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. %PDF-1.5 Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 19011910. But Birbal said, The cotton boll. [44] Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions. [43] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. In turn, the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets, which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States. OER Project - Free, Standards Based Online History Curriculum The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary of how key events or ideas develop over the course of the text. It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH (158990 CE), and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire. While Humayan was certainly disastrous as a ruler, his love of poetry and culture heavily influenced his son Akbar, and helped to make the Mughal Empire an artistic power as well as a military one. Babur succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives. endobj i1 fbG(/,a-7gggi`Vw)qjO64MO`" [citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire. 1128 Words5 Pages. Short but sweet: Unit 3 and 4 focus on the growth of empires both across the Atlantic in the Americas and in Afro-Eurasia, so the major comparison would be in the type or style of government. They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. Students will learn how the Mughal Empire united and dominated the Indian Subcontinent for 300 years. [116], Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. The Mughals instead recorded detailed statistics about each division, in order to assess the territory's capacity for revenue, on the basis of simpler land surveys. Centralised imperial rule that consolidated the smaller polities of South Asia. 0jcD [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Describe the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): Describe the Ottoman Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics): . For instance, Document 3 indicates that from 1530 to 1795, the proportion of Native Americans in the population of the colony of Puerto Rico droppeddramatically from 36.4 percent of the population to just 2.5 percent. Answer: Bajaur in 1519. The Persian and Arabic language mixed with hindi grammar, thus the development of, The introduction of sophisticated Iranian-style waterworks and horticulture through, Baoli Ghaus Ali Shah in Farrukhnagar, India. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. To the Europeans, this practice was extremely beneficial, and resulted in a bolstered economy that funded even further colonial exploits. Reduced subsequently to the region in and around Old Delhi by 1760, the empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. [86], Mughal administrative divisions were not static. The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. [62]:58 Despite these allegations, it has been acknowledged that Emperor Aurangzeh enacted repressive policies towards non-Muslims, which also resulted to a major rebellion by the Marathas. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. [95], The jagirdar (local tax collector) was another kind of official approached, especially for high-stakes cases. <> [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. [147], Those estimates were criticised by Tim Dyson, who consider them exaggerations. Call 1-800-KAP-TEST or email customer.care@kaplan.com, Contact Us Bbur led an expedition against the rana and crushed the ranas forces at Khanua, near Fatehpur Sikri (March 1527), once again by means of the skillful positioning of troops. Document 1 Jahangir, Memoirs Jahangir was the Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627, taking over from his father, Akbar. 8Ng=lZ3PPOPzQ2dEE@ELFvtS Under his successors in the seventeenth century, more of the subcontinent is incorporated into the Mughal empire as the rulers of the Deccan are finally conquered and become Delhi's feudatories." With a period overview, list of key events, and ten related artworks. [97] However, a number of cities were military and political centres, rather than manufacturing or commerce centres.[152]. [citation needed] But, according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal, the Mughal Emperor continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Mughal dynasty was notable for its more than two centuries of effective . In India and Africa, Europeans utilized the old strategies of military force and colonization, but unlike in the Americas, newly introduced diseases did not have such a devastating effect on native populations. This was partly because of the hostility that Aurangazeb's intolerance and taxation inspired in the population, but also because the empire had simply become to big to be successfully governed. If you would like an editable version of the DBQ, please send me an email to the address in the PDF. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well. endobj W N S E Ottoman Empire Key 0 1000 miles Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 0 1000 kilometers Source: Peter N. Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Pearson Longman (adapted) Kandahar Damascus Jerusalem Suakin Mughal Empire PERSIA HUNGARY ANATOLIA IRAQ SYRIA Izmir Aleppo Istanbul Belgrade Ottoman Basra Empire Mecca . <> To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader . The great Mughal city of Calcutta came under the control of the east India company in 1696 and in the decades that followed Europeans and European - backed by Hindu princes conquered most of the Mughal territory. [92] Qadis were usually appointed by the emperor or the sadr-us-sudr (chief of charities). BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. . Hyder Ali's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote, commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen (Cushoon) for the Nawab of Arcot. The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. [96], Self-regulating tribunals operating at the community or village level were common, but sparse documentation of them exists. By Jahan's period the capital had moved to the Red Fort in Delhi, putting the Fort at the heart of Mughal power. Document 1. The 3 Empires had similar things that made them successful and similar things that made them unsuccessful: Two categories: A) By country. The Mughal Empire. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture. Student Analysis Document 5 Source: Dr. Franois ernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, - . 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